Pathophysiology of the Pituitary gland 006

Pathophysiology of the Pituitary gland 

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Pituitary tumors are

 common neoplasms, and recognition of their presentation is critical since a favorable therapeutic outcome is dependent on early identification of the lesion.

Multiple oncogene abnormalities may be involved in pituitary tumorigenesis. Glycoprotein abnormalities, gene mutations, p53 gene deletions, mutations, and rearrangements, and association of pituitary tumors with the syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia have been described and are involved in the development of adenomas in the pituitary gland.

 The pituitary

 tumor transforming gene-1 (PTTG-1) is a newly discovered oncogene that serves as a marker of malignancy grades in several endocrine malignancies; this gene is known to regulate the cellular mitosis process and forced expression of this gene induces tumor formation in mice. PTTG-1 is overexpressed in pituitary tumors.⁽⁴⁸⁾ most of these tumors are benign, but certain factors involved in the genesis of  the tumor may determine its rate of growth and aggressiveness. For instance, the presence of p53 gene correlates with more aggressive tumor behavior.

Clinical manifestations are due to the local effect of the mass and distant endocrine manifestations that can affect a variety of organ systems. These effects are due to lack or excess of a given stimulating hormone on the targe. Pituitary adenomas, with a few exceptions, are not under the control of hypothalamic releasing factors⁽⁴⁸⁾

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